![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() To be precise, the ciphertext is an unsigned, statically sized, big endian integer. The ciphertext of RSA is actually just a number in the range 0.N that has been encoded to an octet string (another name for byte array) of the same size as the minimum modulus N. What I'm confused about here though is how do you carry out mathematical operations on ciphertext? I'm aware that all characters have numerical values, but what I'm unsure on is do you construct a single number from a whole ciphertext as you would for plain text to be encrypted (ie, convert each character to an integer then construct the number with the rightmost digit being most significant) and then carry out the operation on this number, or do you act on each individual number in the ciphertext? If it's the former, how do you determine to reconstruct the single number into a sequence of numbers that create the original plain text? When encrypting with low encryption exponents (e.g., $e = 3$) and small values of the $m$, (i.e., $m < n^$ root of the ciphertext over the integers. On Wikipedia, the following attack is outlined for small $e$ values: I've been looking into RSA and the attacks against weak implementations of it, such as when $e$ is small and there's no padding. ![]()
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